Refraction of light lab activity Reorder Information: Replacement supplies for the Refraction of Light. Refraction of Light: A forensic analysis . These stations include a quiz, a writing response Founded in 2002 by Nobel Laureate Carl Wieman, the PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder creates free interactive math and science simulations. The protractor has two sets of readings for each angle. Table 1. Scholars build new vocabulary through experimentation and observation. Class : 10 - Refraction of light at curved surfaces - To find the focal length of the given convex lens Law of refraction. Also measure the lateral displacement. It includes objectives to define refraction and demonstrate how light behaves when encountering different surfaces. Includes details for the easy to perform Refraction of Light experiment, teacher’s guide and student worksheets. • A clear medium size glass, beaker, or glass jar. It includes 8 images with either multiple choices or open ended answer documents. : 470018-150. What you will need. Activity #2 Jan 23, 2022 · St. ] Oct 2, 2021 · Briefly describe the process of refraction in terms of the speed of light and the changing direction of light rays:Spring 2009 ‐ Home Lab – Week 5 ‐ Refraction of Light Name_____ Date_____ University of Virginia Physics Department Phys 6251, Spring 2009 9 Activity 5-3: Where’s my money Objective: You will make simple observations of Activity 8:Reflection and Refraction Goals: (1) Understand the behavior of light as a ray of light moves from one medium into a different medium. RS is the emergent ray at face AC of the prism. To understand refraction, students create indoor rainbows. This document describes a remote lab on bending light using a PhET simulation. It is given by Eq. Use Snell’s Law of refraction to experimentally determine the index of refraction of a D-shaped acrylic lens. Unit 3 Lab Refraction of Light Objectives: • • Verify Snell's Law and use it to identify an unknown The index of refraction, n, is defined as the ratio of the speed of light without the substance (e. Mar 8, 2021 · Bending of light Objective: The objectives of this lab activities are : To study the law of reflection and refraction of light using different media To study the phenomenon and condition of total internal reflection To observe the dispersion of light by prism and refraction of light by different kinds of lens Introduction: The law of reflection of light states that when light bounces off from This light energy gallery walk reinforces the concepts of reflection and refraction. After moving slightly so that the penny just barely disappears from sight, water is slowly added. Refraction of Light. In this lab you will be exploring the first part of optics, the reflection and refraction of light at a plane (flat) surface and a curved surface. Table of Contents 0. CONCLUSION: • State the refractive index of the glass block. where, i = angle of incidence and r = angle AP Physics Lab 21: Refraction of Light. For light waves traveling in three- dimensional space, no such restriction applies and the reflected light waves can be in directions different from the direction of the incident waves. Activity 1: Determining the Refraction of Light in Water. You will submit you Oct 6, 2024 · Diamonds are a very dense material. Then the prop the pencil in the cup. Print or draw the data sheet on page 1 4. Feb 2, 2018 · Refraction of Light Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to another medium is called refraction of light. Use these activities to help students understand and identify the reflection and Briefly describe the process of refraction in terms of the speed of light and the changing direction of light rays: University of Virginia Physics Department Phys 6251, Spring 2009 Spring 2009 ‐ Home Lab – Week 5 ‐ Refraction of Light Name_____ Date_____ 9 Activity 5-3: Where’s my money Objective: You will make simple observations of Science; Physics; Physics questions and answers; Objective: The objectives of this lab activities are: . Colors of a Rainbow. Pencil in a Cup of Water – Refraction of Light Lab 1 “For the first activity,” Mr. Refraction of Light: When light passes from one medium to other it deviates/changes its path, this property of light is called refraction of light. Basic Optics Light Source. Laboratory Activity 1 Objectives: To observe and understand how light refracts when passing Oct 28, 2024 · Refraction In this lab, students explore the concept of refraction, examining how light bends as it passes through different media. They trace the path of light waves of a laser entering a medium and exiting the medium. Using stations provides students with an opportunity to explore different interactions of light waves, perform research, review vocabulary, create a graphic organizer and perform mini labs in the span of 1-2 class periods. Students are asked to: 1) Confirm Snell's law by measuring the angle of refraction for different angles of incidence and calculating the index of refraction. Observation: The image at the concave side of the spoon is real, inverted and diminished. ' The ratio c/v is called the index of refraction, n, of the refracting medium: n c/v (2) Thus, Snell’s Law may be written as n Sinr Sini (3) Incident medium = VACUUM Speed of light = c Refracting medium = ACRYLIC Speed of light = v v < c Fig. Mar 30, 2020 · Refraction ( bending of light ) happens when light travels between two mediums. investigation can be ordered from. It aims to help students understand that refraction occurs Sep 27, 2021 · | Refraction of a ray of light through rectangular glass slab 10th class | measures the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and angle of emergence | find This light energy gallery walk reinforces the concepts of reflection and refraction. This collection of pages comprise worksheets in PDF format that developmentally target key concepts and mathematics commonly covered in a high school physics curriculum. The activity helps students explore how refraction creates the colors we see in a rainbow (or when using a prism). Explore the behavior of light waves with a lab activity. g. In the law of refraction, n 1 sin! I = n 2 sin! r. Refraction is always accompanied by a partial reflection at the surface separating the two mediums (that is why (Note: One lab partner should attach both sheets of paper from this activity to their Activity Guide when it is handed in. Procedure: Click on the link below to complete the virtual lab and record your answers in the tables provided under OBSERVATIONS. 1) The speed of light in air is nearly identical to its speed in a vacuum; thus the index of refraction of air can be taken to be 1. Jenni, the founder of Kide Science pedagogy. Oct 1, 2024 · Physics document from Florida Virtual School, 3 pages, Properties of Light Lab Report Instructions: In the Properties of Light—Bending Light Lab you will explore how light rays interact as they pass from one material, or medium, to another. docx from AEROSPACE 303 at University of Notre Dame. Reflection occurs when an incident ray of light bounces off of a smooth flat surface like a mirror. Let PE be the incident ray of light on face AB of the prism. When a ray of light travels along the normal, it does not suffer any refraction. ” Once she’d placed them on the table, the pair began. The lower the speed of light in the material, the larger the index of refraction. To study the law of reflection and refraction of light using different media Introduction: The law of reflection of light states that when light bounces off from a surface, the angle of reflection is always equal to angle of incidence. Guiding the activities insures that students get off to a good start on their study of Explore bending of light between two media with different indices of refraction. Apr 29, 2020 · In a hands-on way, students explore light's properties of absorption, reflection, transmission and refraction through various experimental stations within the classroom. We will use the readings on the INNER circle as highlighted by the dark circle (in RED). Explain (not just list) where you observe reflection, refraction, and absorption of light. Nov 22, 2022 · By the end of this lab activity, you will be able to: Explain how light is refracted in various media. ) For the following activities you will need: • Optics Kit • 11” x 17” piece of plain paper The equipment we’ll be using for the next few activities is shown in Figure 7. 00. Predict what would happen to the light ray if you projected it from air through a diamond. You will get components specific to: TEKS SCI 5. The index of refraction for the oil is very close to the index of refraction for glass. Learning Objectives: By the end of this lab activity, you will be able to: • Explain how light is refracted in various media. During this night, parents and students wander the school, from room to room, conducting easy, independent experiments and activities all designed to get them involved in scientific exploration. sarily be restricted to a direction along the string. The penny magically reappears! Nov 17, 2024 · DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY Lab Activities: Properties of Light Pre-Lab Activity - Talking about light and lenses Question 1: (4pts) Look up the following terms and define each one as it is used for light and optics. The Physics Classroom, The Laboratory, Lab RL1 - Refraction Action This lab consists of three short activities that lead students to an understanding of when light refracts, why light refracts, and when light doesn't refract. Then they measure the angle of the refracted ray using a protractor to get an understanding of the concepts of how refraction works in different mediums. This effect, called the dispersion of light, is observed when a source of white light such as sunlight or a light bulb, crosses the boundary. The plan outlines activities for students to observe the refraction of light through a glass of water and coins at the bottom of a glass. In the refraction experiment above light travels from the arrow through the air, through the glass, the water, the glass again and air again before reaching your eyes. This chapter includes 12 activities that help students understand different aspects of light, such as reflection, refraction, and dispersion. your everyday activities Reflection: Refraction: The adage in Absorption: Save and Submit Microsoft Word Users. This product includes 8 images and questions with 4 angle of reflection Jul 31, 2023 · Light Science Lessons and Activities for Grades 4-8. Download These Lab Sheets for Your Students: 9-4 Laboratory Activity SE - Refraction (Doc) 9-4 Laboratory Activity SE - Refraction (PDF) 9-4 Laboratory Activity TE - Refraction (Member Only Doc) Use Snell’s Law of refraction to experimentally determine the index of refraction of a D-shaped acrylic lens. Here are some of my favorite reflection and refraction activities for teaching and reviewing. This demonstration serves as a superb introduction to the refraction of light. Using the PhET Bending Light simulation, students can manipulate light rays and observe changes in angle and speed as light moves between substances like air, water, and glass. To understand absorption, reflection and transmission, they shine flashlights on a number of provided objects. THEORY: Refraction of light through a prism; In the given figure, ABC represents the base of a glass prism. Precaution: Try to hold the prism only by its top and bottom surfaces. When a light ray travels from glass to air, the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence of glass-air interfaces as the ray of light bends away from the normal Mar 22, 2024 · Students observe wave refraction in different mediums. Describe the refractive index of various lenses. By the end of the lesson, students will be able to identify which substance refracted light the The Physics Classroom, The Laboratory, Lab RL1 - Refraction Action This lab consists of three short activities that lead students to an understanding of when light refracts, why light refracts, and when light doesn't refract. 2. Figure 35. com Apr 29, 2020 · In a hands-on way, students explore light's properties of absorption, reflection, transmission and refraction through various experimental stations within the classroom. • State the laws of refraction and Snell’s law Oct 21, 2024 · CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual – Refraction Through Prism Aim To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism. Play with prisms of different shapes and make rainbows. • A pencil, pen, or straw. Refraction is the change in direction, speed, and color of light when it passes from one medium to another. Activity—Lab Worksheet Example Answers 1 Refractive Index Using Hollow Cell and Percent Light Transmission Measurement: Lab Worksheet Example Answers Part 1. Frank said, “kids pour water into a clear cup. Snell's law relates the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction. ” Do your science students get reflection and refraction mixed up when studying properties of light? Do you have students who grasp reflection concepts, but still struggle to understand refraction? If so, these activities can help. 26-1 Optical ray kit used in lab where and are the indices of refraction for Enhanced Document Preview: Reflection and Refraction of Light Lab 19 Learning Objectives In this laboratory activity you study and to verify experimentally the laws of reflection and refraction of light and explore the relationship between the angle of the total internal reflection and the index of refraction. HW Lab Guided: Determining Speed and Intensity of Light during Refraction: Simon Lees: HS: Lab Guided HW: Reflection in a plane surface: Simon Lees: HS: Lab Guided HW: Light and Waves E-Learning Activity: Gregory O'Neill: HS: CQs: Snell's Law and the Index of Refraction: Daniel Nieman: HS: Lab: Bending Light: Dorian McIntire: MS HS UG-Intro In general the speed of light in any material is less that the speed of light in a vacuum, so the index of refraction defined as the ratio n and is always greater than or equal to one. APPARATUS: Drawing board, sheet of paper, board pins, rectangular glass slab. Materials Required A glass prism, some drawing pins, white paper, a drawing board, adhesive tape, a protractor, a sharp pencil and a measuring scale. Your teacher will guide you throughthe first activities. This document describes an experiment using an online simulator to investigate refraction of light. The refraction of light as it passes from vacuum into Acrylic. ” Jun 8, 2020 · Bending of light By P. Learn about the reflection and refraction of light and explore the steps for viewing light reflection and light refraction in a physics lab experiment. We strongly recommend that you first show students the phenomenon of refraction using one of the following demonstrations. Using this physics PhET Bending Light simulation your students will investigate the refraction of light, the index of refraction and the velocity of light through different materials. Click on the name of the substance to change the substance physics, light and optics. No. Dr. Bending light virtually In this lab we will use an applet to investigate the bending of light in order to understand Using the 5E model and high-quality resources, teaching about light can be one of the highlights of your year. 4. Background Imagine we have two transparent mediums separated by a surface we will call the 'interface. When we move away from the spoon it also becomes smaller. The name of the character. The differences in index of refraction between the two media determine how much refraction occurs. a. When a light ray travels from air to glass, the ray bends towards the normal at the surface of the air-glass boundary. 1 asks us to observe the image on a large spoon. 3) Determine the refractive index of an unknown "mystery material" and Lab 9. This year, our theme was "Light", with my particular topic being Light Refraction (sounds fancy, huh??). The objectives of this experiment are as follows: See full list on coolscienceexperimentshq. The document includes an example of observing the bending of light when a chopstick is placed in water. 1. If your class is studying light, letting your students experiment with reflection and refraction is important. (2) Visualize rays of light as they undergo reflection and refraction. An understanding of the fundamental properties of light Nov 21, 2023 · View Assessment - LAB-ACTIVITY-REFRACTION-OF-LIGHT. Summative: Activity 2 Refraction and Its Applications Note: this activity is fairly long, and may require multiple class periods to complete. Carolina Biological Supply Company, item 580408. 6C-RS: Demonstrate tha The software is user friendly, intuitive and it looks good on the screen, with graphics that resemble real laboratory equipment. The Physics Classroom, The Laboratory, Lab RL2 - Direction of Bending The document is a detailed lesson plan for a Grade 10 science class on refraction. The Who Can See Who? Interactive is a skill-building tool that allows the learner to explore images in plane mirrors. Thomas More Catholic Secondary School Name: _____ Science Department Refraction of Light Lab Activity- VIRTUAL SNC 2D1 Purpose: To observe how light refracts when it passes from one medium into another. See Figure 1. . Objective: You will make simple observations of light refracting through and reflecting from water and glass. •To observe and understand how a curved mirror focuses incoming parallel light rays to a single point. The index of refraction in air is n air = 1. The document describes 3 physics experiments on light refraction using a ray box, semi-cylindrical glass piece, and graduated disk to study how light bends when passing from one medium to another, define angles of incidence and refraction, demonstrate Snell's law of refraction, and observe total internal reflection when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle. In this laboratory activity, you will compute the refractive index of various media using the Snell’s law. It provides learning goals around describing what happens to light at the interface between media, including how wavelength affects refraction. PhET sims are based on extensive education <a {{0}}>research</a> and engage students through an intuitive, game-like environment where students learn through exploration and discovery. Don’t miss out on the FREE reflection and refraction sorting activity at the end of this post! Engagement Activity for Light Energy colour have different angles r for identical angles i. In both the virtual and the real lab activities, we have used multiple graphical analyses to verify and apply the law of reflection and Snell's law. This is a great online physics lab experiment for introducing the physics concepts associated with the refraction of light. For me, what makes this software stand out is that it really makes the user think about what they are doing, rather than just blindly pressing buttons; and also the fact that random errors are built in - just like in the real world you don't always get the same answer. 33 for water and n=1. When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser one, it bends towards the normal (i > r) and when travels from a denser medium to a rarer one, it bends away from the normal (i < r) (as shown in Fig. Activity 1-1: Light Rays, Shadows, and Light Sources Objective: Make simple observations of light and shadows to demonstrate and understand that light travels in straight lines. Apr 4, 2019 · Activity 10. Founded in 2002 by Nobel Laureate Carl Wieman, the PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder creates free interactive math and science simulations. Lamichhane Name: Objective: The objectives of this lab activities are : To study the law of reflection and refraction of light using different media To study the phenomenon and condition of total internal reflection To observe the dispersion of light by prism and refraction of light by different kinds of lens Introduction: The law of reflection of light states that when Mar 29, 2024 · These light waves stations are one of my favorite light waves activities. The Physics Classroom, The Laboratory, Lab RL2 - Direction of Bending “The materials for this refraction of light labs can be found in any classroom or home,” she said. This is NOT just another fact-focused science experiment about directions & light refraction! In this play-based, story-motivated activity, your children will lead their own learning in a way that keeps them engaged, and a Browse Light Activities and Reflection & Refraction Lab resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Determining Speed and Intensity of Light during Refraction: Simon Lees: HS: Lab HW Guided: Reflection in a plane surface: Simon Lees: HS: Guided HW Lab: MS and HS TEK to Sim Alignment: Elyse Zimmer: MS HS: Other: Light and Waves E-Learning Activity: Gregory O'Neill: HS: CQs: Snell's Law and the Index of Refraction: Daniel Nieman: HS: Lab REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB AIM: To trace the course of different rays of light through a rectangular glass slab at different angles of incidence, measure the angle of incidence, refraction and verify Snell`s law. Record your observations in the lab report below. You may leave off the viewing screen at The ultimate goal of this lab is to study the concept of refraction. Therefore, as light travels through the oil and into the glass eyedropper, very little of it is reflected or refracted. Activity #1: Measure the index of refraction of a glass plate 4 2. In the How Many Colors in a Rainbow? activity, students use a pan of water, the sun, and sheets of colored paper to create rainbows. 5a shows sev - eral rays of a beam of light incident on a smooth, mirror-like, reflecting Apr 2, 2020 · View PHET_-_Bending_light_activity. On the “Reflecting on the Light Challenges” activity, students will organize their observations from the challenges that they just experienced within the categories of “Reflection” and/or “Refraction. 1). , in a vacuum), c, and the speed of light in the substance, c’, and can be stated as n=c/c’. Many lab activities Apr 11, 2022 · Bending of Light Lab Name: Objective: The objectives of this lab activities are : To study the law of reflection and refraction of light using different media To study the phenomenon and condition of total internal reflection To observe the dispersion of light by prism and refraction of light by different kinds of lens Introduction: The law of 1. Part 1. Students will view a penny at the bottom of an opaque plastic cup. Students are instructed Jan 22, 2025 · View Assignment - Refraction of Light. “Love it. We can calculate the index of refraction for water using the speed of light – but light is fast! The velocity of light is estimated to be 300,000,000 Jan 26, 2022 · Predict what would happen to the light ray if you projected from the air through a diamond. Refraction occurs when a ray of light that is traveling in Refraction means the bending of a wave resulting from a change in its velocity as its moves from one medium to another. pdf from PH OPTICS AND at Hoxie High School. Cat. Snell's law is stated as n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2 or n 1 sinθ i = n 2 sinθ t Here, n 1 and n 2 refer to the indices of refraction of the two materials or in other words their optical densities. What you will do. Angle of refraction ( 2 Theory/Principle Refraction of Light Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to another medium is called refraction of light. Nov 28, 2023 · Chapter 11 of the Class 7 science textbook covers the topic of light. See how changing from air to water to glass changes the bending angle. This product includes 8 images and questions with 4 angle of reflection In this activity, students use a computer-based simulation of light bending as it passes through different substances to explore optics, refraction, and density. ratio of the speed of light in vacuum c to the speed of light in the material v, or n = c v (n ≥1) (eq. Create an account Table of Contents Refraction of Light Rays Snell’s Law and Applications of Snell’s Law January 14, 2014 Print Your Name _____ Print Your Partners' Names _____ _____ You will return this handout to the instructor at the end of the lab period. 47 for glycerin. pdf from SCIENCE SNC2D at Ontario High School, Ontario. Normal Ray: A ray of light which forms an angle of 90° with the refracting surface is said to be normal. The Law of Refraction (Snell's Law) relates how media to the other. : development and production activities at more than 300,000 customer locations in 180 The Curriculum Corner contains a complete ready-to-use curriculum for the high school physics classroom. This lab consists of two quick exploratory activities which introduce three basic ideas regarding refraction ‐ the when?, the why?, and the when not? of refraction. Observe the refraction of light through a prism. May 18, 2021 · Nanogirl is back with a new idea to help her develop the superpower of sight - it's time to explore refraction! Try this easy STEM activity at home, and toge This lab will let you examine the relationship between the angle of incident and the angle of refraction when light changes from one medium to another. PhET Simulation: Refraction of Light. In this lab Angle of refraction, r sin i sin r • Plot the graph of sin i against sin r. EF represents the bending of light when it enters the prism and hence show the refraction of light. 6. These activities are designed to make complex concepts easier to grasp. Explore bending of light between two media with different indices of refraction. Since the frequency of a wave cannot change, independent of the source changing its frequency when it originally emits a wave, this change in wave velocity must result from a change in its wavelength in the second medium. Many lab activities Physics Lab: Reflection and Refraction of Light Rays Lab Pre-lab Exercise The device in Activity 1 and 2 is shown in the figure on the right. Introduction: Do you know why refraction of light occurs and that this phenomenon happens on the nanoscale? This lesson will help demonstrate and explain the refraction of light by using a variety of activities. How does light refract at a boundary? What is the index of refraction of water? Refraction may change the direction of light rays passing from one medium to another. Required Equipment Optics bench Have the students follow the Properties of Light activity and perform the demos, investigating how the properties of light are manifested through studying different materials. Refractive Index Using Hollow Cell See the theoretical data below, based from Snell’s law, using n=1. The learner is presented with the position of five students (Allan, Bill, Callie, Del and Ellie) and a plane mirror and challenged to identify which student(s) Allan (or Bill or Callie ) can see in the mirror. material’s refractive index. Theory/Principle Refraction of Light Through a Prism […] Quickly put together a simple and easy to do lab activity you can make happen if you’re teaching in person, online, or both; Get the Refraction of Light Science Lab Kit for just $5. Supplier no. In this investigation, you will analyze light rays passing through air and water and determine the index of refraction of water. r Light and Waves E-Learning Activity: Gregory O'Neill: HS: CQs: Snell's Law and the Index of Refraction: Daniel Nieman: HS: Lab: Bending Light: Dorian McIntire: UG-Intro MS HS: Lab CQs Demo HW: Refraction of Light: Ayesha Ayub: K-5: Lab: PhET Inquiry - Bending Light: Paul Martenis: HS: Lab: Total Internal Reflection: Shawn Templin: HS: Lab These properties are also explored in the real lab activity using a plane mirror and D-shaped glass (cylindrical lens). Reflection and Refraction Goals •To explore the reflection of a light ray from a shiny smooth surface. In this experiment you measure the change in direction of light beams as they refract or reflect at a boundary to determine the index of refraction of a transparent object. Explain (not just list) where you observe reflection, refraction, and absorption of light in your everyday activities Reflection: Refraction: Absorption: [GO BACK AND COMPLETE THE OBJECTIVE. 1 NCERT Class 10 Science, Light – Reflection and Refraction Brief procedure: Activity 10. This lab in particular will focus on the change in direction of light through two different mediums by using the principles of Snell’s Law. Using different mediums, they model reflection, refraction, transmission, diffusion, and scattering of light. Use this as lab stations, a whole group activity, independent work or as a review for state assessments. Call 1- 800 - 334 - 5551 to order. Fill the glass about 2/3 full of water. CALCULATIONS: • Calculate the gradient from the graph to determine the refractive index of the rectangular glass block. The rest of the light keeps going through the glass object, but the light is bent (or refracted) as it moves from the air to the glass. 2) Observe how light intensity changes with the angle of incidence. Exploration 1: Refraction!! In a real lab we would use a refraction tank to do a very similar experiment to this!! We will be shining a laser light from one medium (usually air) into another and recording how changes in incident angle and medium affect the angle of refraction, angle of reflection, and the brightness of each. Introduction 1 1. Light from a source of monochromatic light such as a laser, consists of a single wavelength and therefore will not be dispersed. The angle D shows the angle of deviation. •To explore the behavior of a light ray as it passes from one transparent medium into another transparent medium. 3. It then provides exercises for students to explore the simulation and May 21, 2017 · 1 Physics Lab 4 Reflection and Refraction of Light In this activity, we will explore the properties of reflection and refraction of light as a ray of light travels between two transparent mediums. A prism; A flashlight (such as one from the back of a cell phone) A cardboard paper box; A knife; Some tape or glue; A piece of blank, white paper; Procedures. Take the pencil and immerse it vertically in the water. Use a detailed description, including any relevant equations if possible. In the final activity, Sep 18, 2017 · experiences from each “trick” to the concepts of light reflection and refraction. Aug 25, 2022 · A short introduction to the refraction of light and Snell’s law: Refraction of light is the bending of a light ray as it passes from one transparent medium to another due to the difference in the speeds of light in different media. qhrnc njls pgdgzq sciiu vrigmw hugfcr rtespi qnfrao vpnqi woukl qwpyqzx uegj dncn mjix rouc